Abstract
When domestic political conflict takes the form of military confrontation or armed combat, we speak of civil war. Besides direct fatalities, civil war causes many more complicated casualties through mass dislocation, epidemics, famines, and the debasement of the state apparatus. The economic costs are also massive, both directly and indirectly, and economic growth is stalled or even reversed. Contemporary Nigerian society has been characterized by violent conflicts over ethnicity and religion even before the civil war in Nigeria began on 6 July 1967.